When you install solar panels on your home, you unlock a door to clean energy anytime the sun shines. But what happens if you’re not home during the day to use that energy. Does it just go to waste?
Net metering, which credits you for the electricity your solar panels produce and send back to the grid, has been the typical answer to that question since the residential solar industry has been around. Net metering, often called net energy metering or just NEM, has helped unlock the value of solar for millions of homeowners around the country.
But things are changing. Around the country legacy net metering is being replaced by other crediting schemes, like net billing. (Confusingly, sometimes all these systems are collectively called net metering, which is easy, if not precise.)
Sound like a word salad? We’ll break it all down below and explain how you can still find savings in a world of shifting solar compensation.
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What is Net Metering?
Net metering is a unique billing mechanism that credits solar homeowners for the extra electricity their solar power system generates and adds to the electric grid.
These net solar metering credits can then be used to offset the cost of electricity that the homeowner pulls from the grid when their home's electricity needs exceed what the solar power system is generating.
Over the past 15 years, net metering has enabled millions of American homeowners, businesses, and entities to “sell” the solar electricity they generate, lower their energy costs, and offset local carbon emissions.
The term net metering is becoming more fluid. Sometimes it’s used as a general term for any system a utility uses to compensate you for the electricity you send to the grid. Traditionally, it’s referred to the specific system where each kilowatt-hour you send to the grid is worth the same as a kilowatt-hour taken from the grid. Net metering technically means a 1-to-1 value swap, but is used a bit more loosely today.
Where is Net Metering Available?
The net metering landscape changes as policies are updated by utilities and public utility commission. California changed its policy in 2023 and set off a flurry of solar installations as people rushed to lock in the earlier and more generous policy. Illinois is changing its policy at the start of 2025. In both states, the newer policy will still be beneficial to homeowners going solar, but not quite as beneficial as the previous one.
The good news is that the majority of states have some sort of net metering policy enacted. The bad news is that just because your state has a requirement, doesn’t mean it has any bearing on your utility. State policies often require things of investor owned utilities, but leave smaller municipal utilities or electric co-ops to make their own rules. On the other hand, although net metering is not mandatory in the Lone Star State, there are still several program opportunities for homeowners with solar panels in Texas.
Net metering policies may not be consistent across states in their structure or value. The most generous net metering policy could be undercut by huge fixed fees for solar owners connecting to the grid. The value of credits may not be the same for states with net billing. In short, it’s important that you confirm for yourself your utility’s policies.
Before you dive too deep into how net metering works below, first consider verifying that it is available in your area before spending too much time conducting research. The easiest way to see if your solar energy system will be eligible for net metering is to contact or visit the website of your local electric utility.
- For example, if you are a Florida Power and Light customer in the Sunshine State, your net metering opportunities can be found here, on the utility’s website.
Source: NC Clean Energy Technology Center
How Does Net Metering Work?
With net energy metering, you are billed for the net energy used. Net energy is the difference between the total energy produced by a solar power system and the total energy consumed by the home.
Your net electric meter
Your electricity meter keeps track of the excess power fed to the grid, and power that’s drawn from the grid when your home needs more electricity. Comparing these amounts gives you the net energy usage.
Compared to a regular, non-solar meter that only measures the energy you are pulling from the grid, the electricity meter for a net-metering-enabled solar home works in both directions. Most meters have digital screens now, so the net meter doesn’t actually spin backward, but there’s typically an arrow that points in one direction when feeding extra electricity to the grid, and another direction when drawing electricity from the grid. Your utility company relies on this measurement to determine how much solar power net metering credit to give you. (Always ensure your net meter is functioning properly to make sure you get compensated fairly.)
Electricity offsets
Because net solar metering only credits you for energy fed into the grid, you typically won't receive a cash payment from your utility for the extra electricity — regardless of how much you generate. Instead, you will build up credit for every watt you send to the grid, and use those credits to offset your costs when you draw watts from the grid. This lowers the overall cost of your electricity bill.
With a large enough solar power system, you can produce enough energy to match your total electricity usage for the entire year, allowing you to offset almost all of your typical utility costs. However, most utilities have restrictions on how much electricity you can generate and feed into the grid, called a maximum offset, so connect with a solar expert to find out what the solar energy metering policies are in your area.
Generally speaking, most utilities in areas with favorable net metering policies will allow you to install a solar energy system that will offset 100% to 120% of your home’s annual electricity usage. In other words, if you have an annual electricity consumption of 10,000 kWh on your property, you could install a solar system designed to generate up to 10,000 kWh or 12,000 kWh of green electricity, depending on your local interconnection policy.
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Why Is Net Metering Important for Home Solar Panels?
Net metering can increase savings from going solar by making all the electricity you generate valuable — whether you use it or send it to the grid. Most homes use more electricity in the morning and evening as people get ready for the day or get home from work and school, but solar-powered homes produce more electricity in the afternoon, which happens to be when homes consume less electricity.
Net energy metering ensures that during the middle of the day — when more power is generated, and less is used — the extra electricity is sent to the grid, and you earn net metering credit from the utility for that energy.
- For example, if you produce 10 kWh of extra electricity per day (which is easily achievable for home solar panels), you will have 10 kWh worth of net metering credit which you can use to offset your usage later. That’s enough power to run your TV, lights, and even your dishwasher overnight.
So even though your solar panels aren't producing power when you are at home at night, you can use the credits you have built up throughout the day to offset your energy consumption when electricity usage is at its peak.
Then, when you take into consideration the seasonality of sunlight, you can generate enough solar net metering credits during the summer months to offset your future electricity bills during winter months when there’s less daylight available and increased cloud coverage.
- For example, let’s say that you produce 1,400 kWh of solar electricity in June, July, and August but only consume 1,200 kWh of electricity onsite each month. These bits of excess production would accumulate and add up to 600 kWh of extra net metering credits. These credits could then be applied to your utility bills during the fall and winter if your monthly solar production were to fall below your home power consumption.
Then, at the end of the yearly cycle, if you have any extra net energy metering credits built up, they will likely be redeemed by your utility at an avoided-cost rate. Avoided cost rates are much lower in value than ordinary net metering credits. (We’ll get into more detail about these rates, later in this article).
Is Net Metering Like Going Off Grid?
No, net metering isn't the same as going off the grid, but it does change your relationship with your utility.
Off-Grid solar energy systems (without net metering)
With an off-grid solar energy system, you are not connected to a utility’s grid, so you are completely reliant on the sun to power your home. In order to power your home when your solar panels aren’t producing electricity, like at nighttime, you need to have a way to store excess electricity generated during the daylight hours, like a solar battery storage system. You won't have access to extra electricity from the grid if you need it — you will only have access to what is generated by your system and stored in batteries.
If you opt for an off-grid solar power system and don't have a backup generator, you will only have electricity when:
- The sun is shining and your solar panels are producing electricity.
- You have stored electricity from your solar panels in batteries.
Grid-tied solar panels (with net metering)
If you decide to stay on-grid (grid-tied solar panels) you will always have access to electricity, even if your solar panels aren’t generating power, and the cost of any electricity you pull from the grid can be offset with your net metering credits. The only time you won't be able to access utility electricity is when the grid goes down, and if you decide to include battery backup in your solar power system, you can even have electricity through those times as well.
Net metering vs battery storage
When comparing net energy metering with battery storage, which option makes the most financial sense, and why?
Thankfully, it’s not an either/or scenario, and you can get the benefits of net metering in addition to the benefits of battery storage if net metering is available. That said, different circumstances can make one option more attractive than the other.
For example, if your state is prone to power outages, having a backup battery makes sense, because you can still get credit for extra electricity fed into the grid when your batteries are full, but you’ll have power available if the grid goes down or there are large-scale blackouts or power outages.
Making energy storage part of your solar power system also makes sense if your state has bad net metering policies, or has no solar energy net metering programs available.
Lastly, if you’re interested in using 100% renewable energy, and don’t want to contribute to any fossil fuel-powered electricity or other dirty energy sources, solar energy storage can help you avoid more grid energy. For a bit of perspective, the map below shows the average carbon dioxide emissions per MWh of utility power by region.
Source: EPA
On the other hand, if your state allows net metering and the policies are favorable, you may be able to significantly cut your electricity bill with net metering, without the added expense of battery storage. Some states, like California, are moving to systems that make using the solar energy you generate more valuable than sending it to the grid. In these cases a battery might be worth the additional cost.
Another option that’s sometimes available is energy storage net energy metering (aka NEM paired storage) which allows you to export all of the energy stored in your battery back into the grid, and receive net energy metering credits, usually at times when rates are favorable. This option is appealing because it allows you to earn more money for the excess energy you create and store, and you can get credit at specific times of day, not just right when the energy is generated.
These programs, often called grid services or energy sharing programs, are only available in select states but are gaining popularity across the US.
- Learn more: What is solar islanding and anti-islanding?
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Net Metering vs. Net Billing vs. Gross Metering
Because utilities can generate electricity at a large scale, they generate power at a much lower rate than what they sell it for. Many utility companies would prefer to credit you for the value that they can generate electricity for themselves, not what you pay for it. This has led to a few different variations on net metering, some more valuable to you than others. The system your utility uses can affect how much you save and the best system design for you. Discuss it with your solar installer, but here’s a rundown of the common types.
1-to-1 net metering
Homeowners would likely prefer true 1-to-1 net metering, where you get the same credit value for the electricity you put in as what you pull out. If you add one kilowatt-hour of electricity to the grid, you can use one kilowatt-hour later without paying any extra. True 1-to-1 net metering was initially a more widely available option, but utilities have fought hard to reduce the rate they have to pay in order to maintain their profit margin, so 1-to-1 net metering is not available in many locations.
Since rates can vary with the market value of electricity, the value of your credits can also vary. You may add electricity to the grid when rates are low, and then pull electricity from the grid when rates are high, so the cost of electricity during those times is going to be different, and therefore the value of the credits is going to be different as well.
Net billing (avoided-cost net metering)
With avoided-cost net metering, utility companies give you net metering credit that’s equal to the price they saved by not having to provide you with electricity. The avoided cost can vary by location and the way they’re calculated can vary, too.
This avoided cost rate is often much lower than the retail rate that you pay for electricity, and it’s based on a utility’s own calculation and reporting of its cost. One criticism of this method is that it’s an opaque system that can be tilted in the utility’s favor.
Gross metering
Gross metering is different from net metering in that you don't consume the power generated by your solar power system directly. Instead, all of the electricity generated by your solar panels gets exported directly to the power grid, and then you pull the electricity you require back from the grid.
Gross metering requires an extra electricity meter (net meter) to measure the outflow of the electricity you are generating, while the regular meter records the electricity you consume. You are paid a predetermined Feed-In Tariff (FIT) rate for the power sent to the grid from your solar power system, and this feed-in tariff rate helps offset the cost of power that you pull back from the grid.
Does Net Metering Save Money?
Yes, net metering can save you money. When drawing power from the utility, you can use the credits you received when you fed extra power to the grid so that you don’t have to pay for that energy directly, helping to lower your month’s electricity bill.
And while these savings can be seen immediately, more than anything else, net metering is primarily designed to work directly with the seasonality of solar production to reduce your annual electricity spending.
Consider the winter months when electricity bills are high from heating costs and needing to have lights on for longer. If you generate excess power in the summer and send it to the grid, you won't be worried when winter arrives, because you will have net metering credits built up, and that will unquestionably save you money.
Note: Don't expect net metering to save you money right away after your solar installation. Other factors like changes in weather and how much extra power your solar panels generate may determine how soon you will see noteworthy results from net metering. However, add up the benefit over the course of an entire year, and you’ll see the true value of net metering.
No, you won't get a paycheck from solar net metering. You might only receive energy credits on your bill or statement that you can apply towards the electricity you need in the future.
The more electricity you send back to the grid, the more net metering credits you will earn, and the more you can save on your utility bill, but earning net metering credit is not the same as receiving a paycheck for your electricity generation.
In some regions, you may receive a true-up payment once a year. At that time, if you have excess credits, your utility may pay you for them, typically at a lower rate. Some utility companies don’t have a true up payment and credits roll forward indefinitely.
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What Are the Benefits of Net Metering?
Net metering can help you save on your utility bill, speed up your solar payback period, let the grid act as your backup battery, and reduce pressure on the grid. Let's take a look at each of those net solar metering benefits in more detail.
1. Save On Your Utility Bill
If you are always worried about utility bills, net metering can help reduce them. Solar panels can help power your home, but if you aren’t getting net metering credit, and you don’t have a way to store excess electricity, then your solar can only offset the power being used while the panels are generating electricity.
- For example, if you needed $200 worth of electricity from the utility, but you had $150 worth of energy credits from feeding excess electricity back into the grid during long, sunny days, then you're only paying $50 for that extra energy that you need, and your total utility bill is going to be much lower.
Source: solar.com
2. Speed up your payback period
Your solar payback period is the amount of time it takes for the savings from solar to offset the cost of installing that solar initially. Once you’ve reached the end of your payback period, you’ve paid off your initial investment, and any electricity generated after that point is essentially “free”.
Because it increases your overall savings, net metering helps speed up your payback period, and full retail net metering helps speed up your payback period even more. As a result, if you live in a state that offers full retail net metering, you will have a much shorter payback period than those that don't. This is simply because those locations allow solar owners to save even more on their electricity bills, enabling them to recoup their investment costs faster.
For example, a solar power system in Illinois has a payback period more than three times shorter than in neighboring Indiana, according to EnergySage. Multiple factors likely play a role, but Illinois’ more favorable net metering is likely one of them.
Your solar payback period will depend on several factors in addition to net metering options.
- The price of electricity in your area
- The size of your system
- Tax credits and rebates
- Your electricity usage
- The cost of installation
3. The grid acts like a backup battery
With net metering, your utility company is essentially allowing you to use the grid as a virtual battery to "store" excess power for later use. Think of it like a battery that you don't see, that comes to your aid when you need more power.
Without net metering, the only way to get value from any extra electricity your solar panels produce is to add a solar battery to store your own electricity for use at a later time, which requires a larger upfront investment.
4. Reduces pressure on the grid
Residential and commercial solar power is a huge benefit to utilities because it reduces the stress on the electricity grid. Instead of drawing power from the grid, solar homeowners can produce their own electricity, which means the utility doesn’t have to push as much electricity through their distribution network since there are fewer people using power directly from the grid.
In addition, thanks to net metering, homes with solar can actually provide excess electricity to non-solar homes in their area to meet the energy demands of those homes as well. By shortening the path that electricity needs to take, and generating electricity near the point of consumption, solar power helps lower the demand on the grid and lessen the strain on distribution and transmission infrastructure.
The Future of Net Metering
In 2023, California’s adoption of Net Metering 3.0 introduced a shift from traditional net metering to a new avoided-cost rate structure for customers with solar in the Golden State.
As the country’s largest and most mature solar market, this new net billing policy lowers the value of solar exports, incentivizes battery storage, and may represent a nationwide shift in state net metering policies for the latter half of the 2020s.
Other states, like Illinois, have recently revisited their net metering policies as well. When policies shift, it generally means smaller credits for solar panel owners, but that doesn’t mean that solar is no longer worth it for everyone. In California, while the industry took a step back in the second half of 2023 and 2024, many people still find solar panels worth the cost in the long term, especially when they attach a battery.
It’s important to know how net metering affects the financial calculation you make when going solar, especially as policies are changing.
To stay up to date with your local net metering policies, solar energy opportunities, and more, feel free to contact Palmetto today.
Net Metering FAQs
How does net metering save you money?
Net metering can save you money by generating bill credits that can be used to offset the cost of electricity you buy from the grid.
Will I have an electric bill with net metering?
You’ll still receive an electric bill when you go solar, and it will change throughout the year as you generate and use more or less electricity. Even in months where your bill shows a balance of zero (that may not be possible in some jurisdictions), you’ll still receive one to track your net metering credits.
What is NEM 3.0?
NEM 3.0 — short for net energy metering 3.0 — is the third iteration of net metering for California’s big, investor owned utilities. It’s technically a net billing system and generated significant controversy when it was approved and implemented over the amount bill credits were reduced.
Is net metering going away?
Some states and utilities have moved to systems that are less lucrative than 1-to-1 net metering. No one can predict the future, but it seems that 1-to-1 net metering is becoming less of a common option.
Will I receive a check from my utility company if I have solar panels?
You might receive an annual payout of your net metering credits called a true-up payment. Typically, any excess credits are paid out at a rate lower than the retail rate. Some regions don’t have true-up payments and instead have credits roll forward indefinitely. Because rules may vary from place to place, check with your utility or a knowledgeable solar installer about your local regulation.
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Andrew BlokWriter and EditorAndrew has worked as a journalist and writer for four years, over half of those dedicated to covering solar. He currently lives in Tucson, AZ, where you might run into him walking his dog and birding while dodging the heat. He has degrees in English education and journalism.
